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KNOWLEDGE LOCATIONS AND FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL An organization’s intellectual capital refers to the sum of all its knowledge resources, which may be within or outside the organization (Stewart 1997; Subramaniam and Youndt 2005; Youndt et al. 2004). Intellectual capital has been viewed as being of different types in terms of where the knowledge resides. Intellectual capital has recently been classified into three types: human capital, or the knowledge, skills, and capabilities possessed by individual employees; organizational capital, or the institutionalized knowledge and codified experience residing in databases, manuals, culture, systems, structures, and processes; and social capital, or the knowledge embedded in relationships and interactions among individuals (Hsu and Sabherwal 2001; Subramaniam and Youndt 2005; Youndt et al.
S. Kerr, 119–150. Columbus, OH: John Wiley & Sons. Polanyi, M. 1966. The tacit dimension. London: Routledge and Keoan. , and Becerra-Fernandez, I. 2005. Integrating specific knowledge: Insights from Kennedy Space Center. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 52(3), 301–315. 38 CHAPTER 2 Schultze, U. 1999. Investigating the contradictions in knowledge management. In Information systems: Current issues and future changes, ed. J. Larsen, L. I. De Gross, 155–174. Laxenberg: International Federation for Information Processing.
Examples include the scientific knowledge possessed by a physicist and the knowledge about computer hardware possessed by a computer engineer. Within the engineering directorate at NASA-Kennedy Space THE NATURE OF KNOWLEDGE 27 Center, the knowledge of project management techniques (such as PERT charts and critical path analysis) is technology specific, as it pertains to project management in general without being specific to NASA or Kennedy Space Center. On the other hand, context-specific knowledge refers to the knowledge of particular circumstances of time and place in which work is to be performed (Hayek 1945; O’Reilly and Pondy 1979; Sabherwal and Becerra-Fernandez 2005).