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Such modeling techniques are well-known and well-understood, having been used successfully to describe real-time applications in telecommunications and other fields. A popular alternative to the ontology of state transitions is based on the notion of process. A process is a collection of partially ordered steps intended to achieve a particular goal [Curtis92]. Processes are executed by agents, human or otherwise. Under different guises, processes have been modeled and studied in several different areas, including software processes (Software Engineering), activities (Requirements Engineering), plans (AI), tasks (CSCW), office procedures (Office Information Systems), and business processes (Management Studies).
4 More recently called International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER). , [Madhavji93]). 4 A Comparative Framework for Conceptual Models The proliferation of proposals for new conceptual models calls for some form of a comparative framework, so that one can classify new proposals, or evaluate whether a particular candidate is appropriate for a particular information modeling task. This section proposes such a framework structured along three dimensions: Modeling Ontology. As we saw in the previous section, each conceptual model makes some assumptions about the nature of the applications it is intended to model.
Finkelstein92] describes early and influential work on this issue from a Requirements Engineering perspective. Using viewpoints to relativize descriptions in an information base is serving as a mechanism for dealing with inconsistency in requirements specifications [Finkelstein93, Nuseibeh93, Robinson94]. Materialization (see [Pirotte94]). This abstraction mechanism relates a class, such as CarModel, to a more concrete class, such as Car. Other examples of materialization include the relationship between a (theatrical) play, say “Hamlet”, and particular productions of the play, say the one now playing at the Royal Alexandra theater.