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Two very different frequency-based measures of collocation will be applied to both corpora, each of which I will now introduce in turn. The lexical bundle approach As mentioned previously, I will use the term ‘collocation’ in this chapter not to refer to a particular ontological category of word combination, as in Nesselhauf (2005), but rather as ‘a general term for two or more words occurring near each other in a text’ (Sinclair, 2003: 173). One way of operationalizing this deceptively simple definition is to treat collocations very literally as co-locations, that is, as exact repetitions of contiguous multiword sequences such as you know what, on the other hand or in the context of the.
It is to an account of precisely such an analysis that we now turn. Node and collocates analysis While the N&C approach is much broader and more flexible than the lexical bundle approach in most respects, it is more constrained in that it requires the researcher to pre-specify a list of node words for analysis. This is problematic as it may intentionally or unintentionally lead to selections that are biased towards a particular outcome. Usually, the easiest way to avoid this is to implement a random selection procedure.
Thankfully, we may be reasonably confident that more does mean better, here. The assumption is that words form complex networks or webs of associations with other words both on the page and in the mind (Hoey, 2005), and that the greater the number of statistically significant linkages, the more advanced the level of collocational development. g. Ellis, 1998, 2003; Christiansen and Chater, 2001; Randall, 2007). Description of the data The obvious choice of data for analysis would be to use the same corpus that was used in Nesselhauf (2005), that is, the German Corpus of Learner English (GeCLE), a precursor of the German component of the International Corpus of Learner English (Granger, 2003).