By Jay W. Forrester, John F. Collins
What makes towns degenerate? What should be performed to revitalize stagnant city components? during this arguable booklet, Jay Forrester offers a working laptop or computer version describing the foremost inner forces controlling the stability of inhabitants, housing, and inside an city zone. He then simulates the existence cycle of a urban and predicts the effect of proposed treatments at the process. Startling in its conclusions, this ebook grew to become the root of an enormous study attempt that has inspired many govt urban-policy judgements.
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Additional info for Urban Dynamics
Example text
There is a psychological persuasiveness to the agreement of information from different sensory channels that helps engender in most of us an unshakable personal epistemology. Before trying to tread deeper water, it is important to elucidate what is meant when it is said that perception resembles or copies reality. How close to the original must the facsimile be in order to be called a copy? To the forger of a Great Master or of paper currency it obviously needs to be nearly identical (anything else is deemed a "bad copy").
Since at present only humans have a welldeveloped system of abstract language, evidence of cross-modal transfer in infrahumans would imply that verbal mediation is not a requisite for transfer to take place. In fact, some experiments, such as those of Ettlinger (1960, 1961), failed to demonstrate cross-modal transfer of training in monkeys. Ettlinger reported that rhesus monkeys, trained to discriminate visually between different shapes and different sizes, failed to demonstrate any gains during subsequent training when the stimuli were presented tactually.
Mention has already been made of the fact that auditory intervals appear to be slightly longer than visual intervals of the identical real duration (Behar & Bevan, 1961; Goldstone & Goldfarb, 1963; S. S. Stevens & Greenbaum, 1966). 5. 5. To both ear and eye, the perceived duration of a stimulus grows just about in proportion to its physical duration. But any given physical duration seems longer when heard than when seen. 33 PHYSICAL DURATION (SEC) events (Goldstone & Goldfarb, 1963). The magnitude of this curious effect appears to depend somewhat on the number of sensory elements that fill the interval: The larger the number of sensory elements, the longer the interval appears to last (Buffardi, 1971).