By Herbert Franke, Denis C. Twitchett
This quantity bargains with 4 non-Chinese regimes: the Khitan dynasty of Liao; the Tangut country of Hsi Hsia; the Jurchen empire of Chin; and the Mongolian Yuan dynasty that at last engulfed the total of China. It investigates the old history from which those regimes emerged and exhibits how each one in its personal manner organize plausible associations for the regulate of a multi-racial, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural inhabitants. It discusses those difficulties not only as a protracted damaging episode in China's background, yet exhibits the ingenuity and flexibility of those states, and their good fortune in attaining political and social balance. the quantity offers the fullest chronological account of the interval, during which political, institutional, social, and financial adjustments are built-in so far as attainable, and sees the interval opposed to a wide history of diplomacy in Northern and crucial Asia.
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Extra resources for The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368
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But the Sha-t'o were not the only foreign leaders of local regimes on Chinese soil at this time. The northwest, which was Tibetan-occupied territory until the 840s, was split among a variety of local warlords: Chinese in Tunhuang; Uighur in Turfan, Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE FRONTIER 7 Kan-chou, and Su-chou; Tibetan in Liang-chou; and Tangut on the southern borders of the Ordos. The Tanguts, like the Sha-t'o, had been settled in the region by the T'ang as a frontier garrison force and had clung to their local power through the disturbed times of the early tenth century.
And last, there was a frontier sometimes too casually assumed to be the same as this ecological boundary, between those regions with a dense more or less homogenous Han Chinese population and those Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE FRONTIER 9 inhabited by other peoples. In the T'ang neither the military defense system nor the limits of civil administration represented either an ethnic or a cultural frontier. Many non-Han people had lived for centuries inside these frontiers, intermingled and intermarried with Han Chinese and other ethnic groups, some of them partly or wholly assimilated.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 FOREIGNERS II FOREIGNERS Just how alien were these peoples to the societies that they conquered by force of arms? And what did they have in common? D. by the Hsien-pi and other tribes, who were successful in dominating China's northern provinces and establishing states of their own on Chinese soil. After the T'ang dynasty had lost its hegemony and finally disintegrated into several states from the early tenth century onward, the border conflict took on a new form.