By Sidney Dell
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Additional resources for The Balance of Payments Adjustment Process in Developing Countries
Example text
On the other h a n d , exports of tea, r u b b e r , and coconut were adversely affected by weather conditions and, t h e r e f o r e , did not realize the full advantage afforded by high export prices during the period. Promotion of nontraditional e x p o r t s was particularly effective in Uruguay, where the share in total exports rose from 22 percent of the total in 1973 to 52 p e r c e n t in 1977. Exchange r a t e policy was designed to stimulate exports and included the provision of premium r a t e s for e x p o r t e r s averaging over 23 percent in 1974.
In Brazil, for example, the proportion of loans in the latter category rose from 57 percent in 1974 to as much as 72 percent in 1977. In cases such as the Philippines, recourse to the private capital market was intended to supplement drawings on the IMF, which could provide only a small proportion of the country's total requirements for external finance. 5 1974 — Bond issues only. Sources: IBRD, Borrowing in International Capital Markets, Annual Report, various i s s u e s . 8 1975 International Bond Issues and publicized Eurocurrency Credits: eleven developing countries (millions of dollars) 1970^ Table 2 .
Devaluation was employed (in 1971 and 1975) when, in its absence, absolute cuts in domestic export prices or major export subsidies would have been needed. At the same time, since Tanzania operated both import controls and selective indirect taxation as instruments in its overall planning, devaluation was not necessary either to IMPACT AND RESPONSE 37 limit imports or to reduce demand, and was regarded as far too unselective for frequent use as a supply/demand management tool· Thus, the external terms of trade would not be affected by devaluation, while any desired effects of devaluation on producer prices could be achieved by the use of other policy instruments.