By Neil J. Smelser
Essays studying either old and sleek methods to sociological idea
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Extra info for Sociological Theory: Historical and Formal
Sample text
Burke's arguments were both hortatory and analytical; he sermonizes, but he also attempts to understand. To be sure, much of the dismay he feels about the events in France stems from his evaluative conviction that the revolutionaries acted unjustly and irreverently. Yet he is also certain that they acted unwisely. That society is not a petty business enterprise and that man is not a self-sufficient and clever isolated being are not merely Burke's metaphorical expressions of moral outrage. They are theoretical conceptions carrying the implication that the natures of society and of man will reassert themselves despite the efforts THE DISCOVERY OF SOCIETY of the revolutionaries to remake them.
And I feel as if a damned soul stood beside me . . I never want to see that man again; he could make me believe in devils and Hell" [quoted in Cassirer 1963, p. 9 Rousseau's theory espouses a desire for wholeness and authenticity and a skepticism of the intellect and of superficial conviviality; this outlook presages the attitudes of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century and is more characteristic of that period than of the rationalism of the eighteenth century. Rousseau's rejection of the social order of the eighteenth century was more thorough than that of Voltaire and, consequently, his vision of the means required for its reorientation was more radical.
Men must be made to see that their interests do not consist in striving to outdo each other but rather in the mutual efforts incumbent upon citizens. Freedom, Rousseau argued, is not the absence of restraint but rather the recognition of necessity. Like the order of nature, the social contract is impartial to individuals, and they must be individually powerless to influence it by cunning means. " Rousseau's conception of "freedom," combined with his appreciation of the immense and profound power that society has over the individual, have led some later commentators to see Rousseau as a forerunner of modem totalitarianism.