By Piotr Sztompka
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Extra resources for Sociological Dilemmas. Toward a Dialectic Paradigm
Sample text
He shared their opposition to theological or metaphysical speculations, and advocated science as a most fruitful way to knowledge, and consequently to rational prediction and control. His ambition was to promote the extension of the scientific method from the realm of nature to the realm of society: "In the domain of physical forces and chemical substances man is able to exercise prevision in many ways to secure advantages and avert evils, but in most of the higher fields of vital, mental, moral, and social phenomena, these relations are either utterly ignored, or but dimly suspected, so that his knowledge of them avails him nothing.
To be sure, some form of conscious reflection on the human condition is as old as humanity itself. Most probably, it has always taken precedence over reflections on natural phenomena. But it was not until the nineteenth century that several types of thought that often involvedpre-scientific social thinking—common sense, theological thought, philosophical thought—gave way to the birth of the social sciences. Only since then has a knowledge of society begun to be obtained through the systematic means of scientific method, codified in the systematic form of scientific theories, and systematically applied to descriptive, explanatory, predictive, and practical functions.
There are definite, systematic links among assumptions; some of them tend to cluster together, some tend to be mutually exclusive. " Those links may be of two types. First, they may be of the strict logical sort; one assumption analytically implies another or precludes another. In this case the acceptance of a given assumption leads to the acceptance of another one, or to the rejection of another one. To convey the intuition inherent here, a common-sense illustration may be suggested: If John says that he hates all sports, it would be logically inconsistent for him to say that he loves swimming.