By Fred H. Mathews
Robert E. Park was once a key determine within the improvement of the 'Chicago college' which performed a dominant position within the evolution of yank sociology within the inter-war years. This biographical learn bargains extensive with Park's lifestyles earlier than his appointment to the collage of Chicago in 1913, and investigates the non-public and highbrow impacts that shaped the self sustaining nature and well-stocked brain he dropped at the educational global. A decade of labor as a newspaper reporter and several other years spent at Tuskegee as author and publicist for Booker T. Washington assisted in shaping what have been to develop into the most foci of his sociological pursuits: the fashionable urban and the interplay of its various races and cultures.
Park observed the town because the excellent laboratory for learning the consequences of evolutionary switch on human nature and social association. In either his instructing and his writing his eating curiosity used to be the exam, no longer of associations, yet of such techniques as social interplay, pageant, lodging, and assimilation. He introduced a similar point of view to the learn of race kin, and was once a pioneer within the research of ethnic prejudice as a fabricated from intergroup pageant instead of of innate workforce character.
Park's reverence for the complexity and patience of the approaches he studied susceptible him to a undeniable skepticism concerning the hazard of engineered social swap, and this introduced him lower than assault from more youthful students within the Forties. Professor Matthews indicates right here that Park's tough-minded clash thought of social switch, like his pressure at the social molding of character, has proved to be of better prophetic worth than his detractors admit.
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12 With this shift in interest, and feeling still dissatisfied as to his understand ing of news and communication, Park decided to move to the source of scientific knowledge about human life and society — Germany. 15 Although Park could, presumably, have gone to an American graduate school, Munsterberg at Harvard was always a powerful propagandist for the German universities and German philo sophy,16 and in any case Germany still remained the place par excellence for the philosophical analysis of history and contemporary events.
34 Burke in England, Hegel in Germany, Bonald in France, all asserted the historical, logical, and therefore ethical, primacy of society to the individual. 36 Quest for an American Sociology Only through society was the human individual created from a mass of animal instincts, and only in society was there morality. The isolated indi vidual was an abstraction; in reality the irreducible unit was the individual embedded in a network of relationships and statuses — fathers, sons, mas ters, workers, burghers, peasants.
Like Comte he asserted that society was an organism — although he had to admit that society could not be compared exactly to any particular type of individual organism, and that the social organism, unlike the human, does not have a directing brain. Nonethe less, society could be considered as an organism because of the functional interdependence of its parts. Like a biological organism society grows by increasing differentiation and integration. 44 However, whereas Comte emphasized the dangers for social unity inherent in the division of labor, for Spencer, with his biological analogy always in mind, increasing differentia tion was a sign of progress signifying an increase in mutual co-operation and integration.