By John F. Richards
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Additional resources for Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds
Example text
33 However, there were unexpected, adverse, long-term effects of this Almoravid expansion so far south upon the western trade routes. It dispersed the Soninke power base of Ghana. 34 As gold from Boure in modern Guinea began to enter international markets in the late 11th century, the southern termini of the trade routes began to shift slowly to the south and east. 35 Gold 30. Hazard, Numismatic History, pp. 66-67 and Robert Brunschvig, ~'Esquisse d'histoire monetaire Almohado-Hafside," in Melanges William Marrais (Paris, 1950), p.
Devisse, "Routes de commerce," p. 49. 20. Lombard, "Les bases," pp. 150-151. 34 THOMAS WALKER gold-silver ratios which Watson documented during the silver famine in Islam from the tenth century. 21 A good illustration of the importance of the control of this West African gold supply occurs in the states of the Maghrib. The history of North African gold coinage in the high middle ages demonstrates the vital correlation of gold with sovereignty in Islam. The gold ports of the northern sahel had long been in the control of the Kharijites.
316. The Italian gold revmution of 1252 37 supplies reached the Sahara from the south at several points as Ghana lost the political power to funnel the entire gold supply. For a time by the early 13th century, therefore, political fragmentation in both North and West Africa may well have slowed the gold flow north. Eventually, new political groupings in the sudan emerged, this time based on the Malinke peoples. The vestigial state of Ghana fell by 1224. In its place, the new and much more powerful kingdom of Mali arose in the area of the Niger bend about the middle third of the 13th century.