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Additional resources for Guidelines for Design of Structures for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunamis
Sample text
The configuration of the continental shelf and shoreline affect tsunami impacts at the shoreline through wave reflection, refraction, and shoaling. Variations in offshore bathymetry and shoreline irregularities can focus or disperse tsunami wave energy along certain shoreline reaches, increasing or decreasing tsunami impacts (FEMA, 2005). FEMA P646 2: Background Tsunami runup heights vary significantly in neighboring areas due to variations in offshore bathymetry that can increase or decrease local tsunami impacts.
Borerro) Figure 2-16 Examples of waterborne debris from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (Photos courtesy of M. Saatcioglu, A. Ghobarah and I. Nistor, CAEE, 2005). A noteworthy structural failure encountered in the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was uplift of precast concrete panels in buildings and docks (Figure 2-20). Uplift forces were sufficient to lift the concrete panels and break attachments between the panels and the supporting members. These failures cannot be explained by buoyancy effects alone, which reduce net downward gravity forces by the volume of water displaced.
Parking garages can also be used to provide additional community amenities on the top level, including parks, observation decks, and sports courts. They are also obvious revenue generating facilities, especially in areas that attract large numbers of tourists. Parking garages, however, tend to be constructed using low-cost, efficient structural systems with minimal redundancy. If designed with higher performance objectives in mind, and if subjected to additional code review 46 4: Vertical Evacuation Options FEMA P646 and construction inspection by local jurisdictions, parking garages could be effective vertical evacuation structures.