Bureaucratic Opposition. Challenging Abuses at the Workplace by Deena Weinstein

By Deena Weinstein

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2) Parsons, however, does not ground order primarily in force and fear but in value consensus, which is developed during the individual's socialization and is reinforced by various institutions. Hobbes, the utilitarian, and Parsons, who acknowledges normative control, together provide the twin bases of most theories of order: interest and duty. A dissenting tradition, which is generally opposed to authority, supplements mainstream speculation with other^ conditions promoting stability. In the early modern period, for example, Etienne de La Bo6tie was concerned with the problem of order.

The focus of t h e opposition may be on t h e rule violations themselves, whether formal (injustice) or substantive (incompetence or dishonor). However, the concern may also be with the violation of universal moral principles: the human consequences of rule violations. Victimization or empathy with it are frequent grounds for participating in a bureaucratic opposition. The indignity of dishonor, t h e frustration resulting from being subordinate to an incompetent, and t h e unwilling involvement in cruelty are all denials of a person's autonomy and provide much of the moral stimulus for risk taking.

Disputes over policy may focus on internal issues of efficiency or external considerations of effectiveness. Efficiency, h e r e , refers to t h e use of appropriate and economical means to achieve t h e organization's goals. Inefficiency is often more apparent to those who implement policies than to those who have the authority t o make them or change t h e m . This irony is a continual source of strain in organizations. Some organizations acknowledge t h e tension and encourage subordinates t o suggest ways of increasing efficiency, even to t h e point of awarding cash bonuses for cost-reducing innovations.

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