By Ralph Pettman
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Sample text
The question then occurs: given what seems to be an irreducible contrast between such basic human qualities, how selfish or how social are we? What empirical evidence is there that might suggest one conception or the other as the more significant cause of how we behave? And if both attributes are characteristic ones, as common sense suggests, then how are they combined? In other words, are we fundamentally egoistic or altruistic? Do we serve ourselves first, or do we prefer to promote the good of others even if it means some personal sacrifice Fraternity: Are We Naturally Selfish or Not?
Davies has subdivided the list into substantive needs (physical, social-affectional, self-esteem, and self-actualization) and instrumental ones (security, knowledge, and power). Corning would add the need for stimulation and goal-directed activity ("Human Nature Redivivus" in Pennock and Chapman, Human Nature, p . 49); Marx would have defined self-actualization more specifically as the need to work in a creative, unalienated way, where labor is not just a means to live but is in itself the "first necessity" of being.
10. Hence the distinction J. " See his Man and Society, vol. II (London: Longmans, 1963), p . 278. The Marxist propensity, for example, to subsume the relations of production under modes of production and then to say that they are determined thereby is, as Plamenatz points out, an important weakness in this approach. On the other hand, Plamenatz misses the particularly pervasive character of the modern (industrial) milieu. 11. T. Hopkins and I. Wallerstein, " T h e Comparative Study of National Societies," Social Science Information 6, no.