By Edward Kuiper C.I., S.M., P.Eng., F.ASCE, MEIC (auth.)
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So that a quick appraisal of the available water resources can be made). Project planning (to assist in project planning the hydrologist will often make special studies of available records; for instance, dependable flow for an irrigation project or evaporation losses of a proposed reservoir). Design of structures (for the design and construction of hydraulic works, the hydraulic engineer must determine design flow conditions such as the spillway design flood, or a cofferdam design flow, or a culvert design flow.
In analysing flood flows we are mostly interested in flood peaks (the maximum discharge). However, in some cases, for instance when we have to route the flood flow through a reservoir, we may be interested in the flood volume (the total amount of water contained in the flood hydrograph) as well. Moreover, we may have to determine the correlation between peak and volume. In the following paragraphs we shall discuss first the frequency analysis which can apply to peaks as well as volumes, and afterwards the correlation between the two.
The study of frequency curves of maximum annual flood peaks, as discussed in the foregoing paragraphs, only provides the peak of the flood, and is therefore insufficient to cope with such problems as spillway design floods. There are three different methods to remedy the situation. First, one could establish the basic shape of flood hydrographs at the river station under consideration, by analysing recorded floods, in a fashion similar to the one discussed under unit hydrographs. The ordinates of the resultant 'basic hydrograph' are then multiplied by such a coefficient that the peak becomes equal to the peak flow found from the frequency study.