By David A. Chin(auth.)
Read or Download Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment, Second Edition PDF
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Additional info for Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment, Second Edition
Sample text
Biocriteria are based on the numbers and types of organisms present, and represent reference conditions that are regarded as minimally impaired. Biological indicator species are unique environmental indicators, as they offer a signal of the biological condition in a water body. Biological indicators can serve as early-warning measures of pollution or degradation in an ecosystem. The major groups of biological indicators include (1) fish, (2) invertebrates, (3) periphyton, and (4) macrophytes. Marine environments utilize biological indicators that are different from those used in freshwater bodies.
A range of adverse health effects result from the accumulation of lead in the bloodstream, including anemia, kidney damage, elevated blood pressure, and central nervous system effects, such as mental retardation. Infants and young children are especially susceptible to lead poisoning because they absorb ingested lead more readily than do older humans. Lead is a probable human carcinogen. Mercury (Hg) is a metal of particular concern in surface waters, where the biological magnification of mercury in freshwater food fish is a significant hazard to human health.
Chromium exists in two oxidation states in the environment, +3 and +4. Cr+3 is an essential trace element in human diets, whereas Cr+4 causes a variety of adverse health effects, including liver and kidney damage, internal hemorrhage, respiratory disorders, and cancer. Lead (Pb) was used extensively in several commercial products before its adverse health effects became well known. It was incorporated in pigments used in house paint and in glazes applied to dishware. 18 Water Quality Lead was also used in pipes and solder in waterdistribution systems and in the gasoline additive tetraethyl lead, (C2H5)4Pb.