The World’s Urban Forests: History, Composition, Design, by Joe R. McBride

By Joe R. McBride

The goal of this publication is to ascertain city forests in towns world wide. it is going to ask questions on the background, composition, constitution, and administration of timber in city components. facts for this ebook used to be gathered in 33 towns throughout large geographical parts referred to as biomes. Constraints and possibilities imposed on city woodland composition, layout, and administration by means of the ecological features of those biomes might be tested. The publication also will deal with the cultural and old components that inspired the features of city forests round the world.

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The grounds surrounding these gymnasia with their athletic fields, woodlands and streams became defacto public parks during sporting events when the citizens of Athens came to observe the competition. Naturally occurring sacred groves associated with spiritual places in the landscape of the ancient world inspired the religious gardens that were planted to honor Greek and Roman gods in urban areas. Certain gods were associated with vegetation, gardens, flowers, and fertility. These gods were honored with individual gardens or shrines within the private pleasure gardens of the leading citizens.

11 Reconstruction of the largest garden described by Pietro de Crescenzi (c. 1300 AD) (Redrawn from Pizzoni. F. 1999) the orchards that were “brought” into the castles by the extension of walls and motes in the thirteenth century. Raised beds, in which flowers were planted, were a common feature of castle gardens as were turf seats. Seats were commonly made around the base of a tree by building a stonewall or wattle to hold soil upon which was laid turf (Landsberg 1996). In the fourteenth century grass-covered mounts, artificial mounds of earth, appeared first in the castle gardens of France.

Trees present on the sites prior to construction of the villages, or planted subsequently, are maintained as a source of fruit. Small kitchen gardens are planted adjacent to the houses, while larger areas for crop production were cultivated at the margins of the village. Treatment of vegetation at village sites, as illustrated in the drawings and paintings of European and American explorers of North America, and as can be observed today in the villages of indigenous people living in the Amazon, demonstrates a Large Urban Areas in Mexico at the Time of the Spanish Conquest 31 common practice of modifying local sites for human habitation.

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