By Aleksey N. Kosarev, Andrey G. Kostianoy (auth.), Andrey G. Kostianoy, Aleksey N. Kosarev (eds.)
The systematic description of the data gathered at the actual oceanography, marine chemistry and toxins, and marine biology of the Caspian Sea types the fundamentals of this ebook. It provides the crucial attribute gains of the environmental stipulations of the ocean and their adjustments within the moment half the 20 th century. at this time, the critical difficulties of the Caspian Sea are relating to the interannual sea point adjustments and their forecast and to the estimation of the depth of the chemical pollutants of the ocean and its influence upon the biota. targeted realization is paid to socio-economic, criminal, and political matters within the Caspian Sea zone. This book relies on various observational facts accrued by way of the authors of the chapters in the course of sea expeditions, at the archive facts of a number of Russian oceanographic associations, in addition to at the wide medical literature in general released in Russian variants. This e-book is addressed to the experts involved in examine in quite a few fields of actual oceanography, marine chemistry, pollutants reports, and biology; fixing a large scope of difficulties from the neighborhood weather to the mesoscale tactics; and utilizing numerous tools from distant sensing of the seas to numerical and laboratory modeling.
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Sample text
This value significantly exceeds the mean annual value characteristic of the 1900s–2000s. The latter value is equal to 75 km3 /year, which is equivalent to a water layer 20 cm thick. From the beginning of the past century, a tendency to the growth in the atmospheric precipitation intensity over the surface of the Caspian Sea was observed. The role of the groundwater discharge in the water balance of the Caspian Sea is insignificant. According to indirect data, its average value over the perimeter of the sea is accepted to be about 4 km3 /year.
The surges are best manifested in the coastal zones of the sea, in its bays and bights. The highest onsets are characteristic of the shallow-water North Caspian, where, in extreme cases, they can reach a height of 3–4 m. In the middle and southern parts of the sea, surges are smaller though still significant. According to the data of long-term observations, here, the greatest heights of onsets are 50–70 cm, while offsets can reach values of 30–100 cm. Thus, the range of the level variations makes 100–150 cm.
At a wind with a speed of 15–20 m s–1 , the height of the waves with a 5% probability increases from 0, 5 m off the Volga River delta to 4 m over the shelf edge at the boundary with the Middle Caspian. The calmest season in the North Caspian is the summer, when windless weather often dominates over vast areas [5]. 7 Storm Surges In the enclosed Caspian Sea, the coupled action of the atmospheric pressure and wind upon the water surface cause sharp local oscillations of sea level known as storm surges.