By Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD
Within the look for a quick, sustainable and lasting restoration from the commercial challenge, technology, know-how and innovation are anticipated to play a using function. yet what are the results for technological know-how and innovation coverage? What steps are international locations taking to spice up their functions in those components? What position are rising economies prone to occupy within the technological know-how, expertise and innovation panorama? The OECD technological know-how, expertise and Outlook 2010 reports key tendencies in technological know-how, expertise and innovation in OECD international locations and a few significant rising economies together with Brazil, China, India, Russia and South Africa. utilizing the most recent on hand information and symptoms, it examines issues excessive at the time table of monetary coverage makers, together with functionality in technological know-how and innovation, developments in nationwide technological know-how, know-how and innovation guidelines and the layout and review of innovation coverage, together with coverage interactions and the coverage combine. It presents person profiles of the technology and innovation functionality of every nation and relates those to their nationwide context and present coverage challenges.Table of content material :ForewordOECD at 50 - technological know-how and know-how are everybody's businessBetter rules for greater livesExecutive SummaryChapter 1. Key tendencies in technological know-how, know-how and Innovation-A turbulent backdrop to contemporary rends in technological know-how, know-how and innovation-The contemporary growth of R&D spending slowed via 2008-More contemporary information recommend total R&D funding has slowed within the monetary downturn-Human assets are a vital input to R&D and innovation-Reaping the results-The endured importance of globalisation-Annex 1.A1. dating of R&D expenditure progress to development in researcher numbersChapter 2. Main tendencies in technological know-how, expertise and Innovation Policy-Introduction-National concepts for technology, expertise and innovation-Improving actors' abilities and enhancing incentives for innovation-Enhancing networking between actors-Developing and strengthening human capital-Outlook: destiny challengesChapter three. technology and Innovation: kingdom Notes-Australia-Austria-Belgium-Brazil-Canada-Chile-China-Czech Republic-Denmark-Estonia-Finland-France-Germany-Greece-Hungary-Iceland-India-Indonesia-Ireland-Israel-Italy-Japan-Korea-Luxembourg-Mexico-Netherlands-New Zealand-Norway-Poland-Portugal-Russian Federation-Slovak Republic-Slovenia-South Africa-Spain-Sweden-Switzerland-Turkey-United Kingdom-United States-Annex 3.A1 - Description of signs and methodChapter four. The Innovation coverage Mix-Introduction-What is the coverage combine and the way is it useful?-Coherence within the coverage mix-International coverage studying and the coverage mix-Conclusion
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Example text
In another example, the 2030 Water Resources Group (2009) estimated that by 2030, economic and population growth would yield global water requirements that exceed the accessible reliable supply by 40%. Efficiency improvements on the scale achieved by the agriculture and industry sectors between 1990 and 2004 might close 20% of this gap, and supply augmentation via new infrastructure might close a further 20%. However, a large gap remains, and the uneven distribution of water resources across countries suggests that some areas of the world will suffer extreme water shortages.
3%. Given the growth of the Chinese economy during this period, this increase further highlights the extremely strong growth of its business expenditures on R&D. The expenditure on R&D performed by the higher education sector (HERD) forms a much smaller component of overall R&D spending across OECD countries. Total OECD spending in this area reached USD 157 billion in 2008 (current PPP), with Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States spending the largest absolute amounts. Growth was more volatile from year to year in HERD than in GERD or BERD, although it remained positive for the OECD as a whole.
78; see also Chapter 2 of this publication). 8 also shows the share of business-funded R&D in the higher education and government sectors. 5% in 2008. Denmark had the lowest share of business financing in these sectors, at 2% in 2008, while Turkey had the highest, at just over 15%. There is no one “right” mix of funding sources for R&D, with the history, industrial structure and institutional frameworks in each country influencing financing arrangements. There is some suggestion that privately funded R&D yields better results than publicly funded R&D, in terms of productivity and return on investment.