By Costanzo Ranci
This publication explores the size and features of social vulnerability in Western Europe. It offers a huge empirical starting place for contemporary theories at the emergence of latest social hazards in post-industrial societies, revealing to what quantity social hazards are compromising the 'normal' functioning of the eu inhabitants.
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Extra resources for Social Vulnerability in Europe: The New Configuration of Social Risks
Example text
It thus seems that inequality and poverty are explained less by the traditional distinction among different welfare regimes than by the degree of economic development and the general level of well-being of the population. 2 Differences among nation-states in levels of well-being and inequality are therefore mainly caused by variations among rich and poor regions within the countries themselves (Stewart, 2005). These analyses highlight the shortcomings of conventional comparative analysis centred entirely on variations among countries.
1). The first level of functioning regards obtaining the basic acquisitions that are needed in order to guarantee the material survival of a family. Fundamental needs to satisfy concern housing, income and work. It is not only a question of ensuring an adequate flow of resources (as many analyses of poverty assume). 1 Vulnerability and precipitation/protection factors for different level of functioning Family functioning Situations of vulnerability Precipitation/ protection factors Material survival Economic vulnerability, scarcity and fluctuations in income (Chapter 4) Job instability, lack of career continuity, unemployment (Chapter 5) Housing deprivation (Chapter 6) Position in the class system Management of major life events Difficulty in the transition to adulthood (Chapter 8) Family organization during course of life (Chapter 3) Family ties Reconciliation of caregiving and work responsibilities Reconciliation of childcare and work (Chapter 3) Caring for a dependent person (Chapter 7) Extent and degree of welfare protection acquiring an adequate income (combining incomes from different sources), but also creating a minimum stock of resources that makes it possible both to procure the minimum resources necessary (a home, a car and fundamental services) and to protect against future misfortune.
Since the ‘old risks’ concern individuals in the labour market, it is clear that the exposure of individuals depends crucially on their position in the class system. The same operation seems more difficult to perform for new social risks. In fact it is instability, precisely, that is the peculiar trait in the critical situations we have identified. Consider the examples of temporary workers, people hit by chronic invalidity and families floating above and below the poverty line. These are situations characterized by few social guarantees, by instability in the fundamental mechanisms for acquiring resources and by the fragility of social and family relations.