By Bernhard Karlgren
Will guy eine fremde Kultur ergründen, so muss guy ihre Sprache verstehen. Dazu möchte das vorliegende Buch des schwedischen Sinologen Bernhard Karlgren einen Beitrag leisten. Es gibt eine leicht verständliche und übersichtliche Einführung in die chinesische Sprache sowie ihre Struktur und Schrift und zieht Vergleiche zum Deutschen und Englischen. Über die Jahre ist es zu einem kleinen, aber unverzichtbaren Klassiker für alle angehenden Sinologen geworden.
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Tatigkeiten, die sich nicht ohne weiteres durch ein einzelnes Bild darstellen lassen, konnen leicht durch eine Kombination angedeutet werden. So haben wir ,Mensch' in verschiedenen Funktionen: tso ,sitzen' = zwei Menschen A auf dem Boden ± ; shan ~ ,aus dem Wege gehen' = ein Mensch A, der durch eine Tur F~ hinausgeht; kien ~ ,sehen' = ein Mensch (zwei Beine) + ein Auge § ; hiu ,ruhen'i* = ein Mensch A im Schatten eines Baumes;fu1*: ,fallen, am Boden liegen' = ein Mensch A , der sich wie ein Hund ":ft:.
Oem steht shuang ,doppelt' ~ gegeniiber - zwei Vogel in der Hand. h. ,nicht frisch'. Das Zeichen ~ nan,mannlich'= 11 ,Kraft'aufdem EEl ,Feld'beziehtsichaufdie dem Manne zukommende Arbeit im Gegensatz zu der Arbeit der Frau im Hause. Wch, bose' ist ein j1jj ,WeingefaW und ,Damon'. ein Mit Verbindungen dieser Art lassen sich nicht nur abstrakte Begriffe, sondern auch konkrete Gegenstande bezeichnen. So ist + * * * + * 42 siu III , ein ,Mensch' A in einer Einfriedung, nicht schwer zu verstehen: ein Gefangener.
Die chinesische Schrift paBt sich so vorzuglich den sprachlichen Gegebenheiten Chinas an, daB sie unersetzlich ist8. Zur chinesischen Schriftreform und Einflihrung einer Buchstabenschrift siehe den interessanten Artikel ,La Reforme de l'ecriture Chinoise' in: Recherches Internationales a Ia Iumiere du marxisme, 7, Mai/Juni, 1958. Der Verfasser ist Wu Yli-Chang, Vorsitzender des Komitees flir die Reform der chinesischen Schrift. Der Artikel wurde von Andre Levy ins Franzosische li bersetzt. 8 31 4.