By Brian M. Dale, Mark A. Brown, Richard C. Semelka
This new version of the main obtainable creation to MRI ideas and purposes offers comprehensible but complete insurance together with the most recent advancements during this fast moving box. It bargains the one such concise review of magnetic resonance physics, imaging concepts, undefined, and purposes on hand. This Third Edition
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3 Raw Data and k Space All the information necessary to reconstruct an image is contained within the raw data matrix. qxd 5/16/2004 56 8:40 AM Page 56 MRI Basic Principles and Applications points emphasize different features in the final image. The maximum signal content is located in the central portion of the raw data matrix. These lines are acquired with low-amplitude GPE and the measured signal amplitude variations are predominantly due to differences in the inherent tissue signals. These lines are primarily responsible for the contrast in the image.
The amount of energy absorbed by the protons (the pulse angle or flip angle). 4. The rate of rf pulse application (time ). 5. The efficiency of the protons in giving up their energy (T1 relaxation time). qxd 5/16/2004 8:38 AM Page 25 Relaxation 25 For many MRI experiments such as standard spin-echo and gradient-echo imaging, a steady state of M is present because multiple rf pulses are applied and the repetition time TR between the pulses is nearly always less than sufficient for complete relaxation.
Intermolecular and intramolecu- (a) (b) Figure 3-3 Spin–spin relaxation. (a) Two water molecules; one spin on one molecule has absorbed rf energy and is excited (spin down). (b) If the spins are in close proximity, the energy can be transferred from the first molecule to a spin on the second molecule. qxd 5/16/2004 8:38 AM Relaxation Page 27 27 lar interactions such as vibrations or rotations cause 0 to fluctuate. This fluctuation produces a gradual, irreversible loss of phase coherence to the spins as they exchange energy and reduce the magnitude of the transverse magnetization and the generated signal (Figure 3-4).