By Clarence Rainwater
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Additional resources for Light and Color
Sample text
As the pinhole or s l it gets smaller, the diffraction pattern gets larger but di mmer. In the d iffraction patterns shown below the a lter nate l ight and dark s pa ces are due to interfe ren ce (p. 4 8 ) be tween waves arriving from d if ferent parts of the pinhole or slit. CONSTRUCTIVE INTER FERENCE 1. i n-phase waves 2 . :M= +f-1 DESTRUCTIVE I NTER FERENCE 1. ��;�:-pho•e 2 . out-of-phase waves combined is an effect that occurs when two waves of equ a l frequency a re superimposed . Th i s o ften hap pens when l ight rays from a s i n g l e source travel by d i fferent paths to the same poi nt.
Diffraction grati ngs, l i ke prisms (p. 60), are used in spectroscopes for dispersion of a beam of l ig h t . The largest i n stru ments are of the g rati ng type. A spectro g raph record s the spectrum photogra phica l l y or e l ectron ica l ly . A monoch romator, also either prism or grating, uses a slit to i solate a narrow portio n of the s pectrum for sc ientific study. These instruments a re used to study the ma ny properties of l ight sources, from candles to d i sta nt stars, to learn the kinds of a to m s and m o l ecu les of wh ich th ey a re made, plus such othe r featu res as tem peratu res, velocities, and energy state s .
Neither i s the eye equa l l y sen s i tive to a l l wave l ength s . Meas u rements made w i t h many people have prod uced a standard l u m i n o s ity c urve (p. 3 0 } that represents t h e relative sensitivity of the average eye to different wave lengths of light. Rad iant energy, i n c l uding l i g ht, i s a physical quanti ty that can be measu red d i rectly by severa l types of rad ia tion detectors, such as thermopiles, bolometers, and wave meters. Visible l ight can be measu red by a pho tometer or a l i g h t meter.