By Philip Kivell
Within the speedily altering sphere of city improvement, land is proven to supply the fundamental morphological constitution of the town, but in addition the resource of monetary and social strength and the most important to making plans via examples from world wide
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1988). In other West European countries there are a few similarities with, but also many differences from, the British system. One of the main instruments of control over land use and development in France, Germany, The Netherlands and Denmark is a building permit issued by the local authority, and this covers both planning permission and the equivalent of the British building control. Another difference is that in these countries the local plan is a legally binding document. Clear criteria are laid down for the approval or refusal of development permission, and in general, if a proposal accords with the local plan and building regulations, it cannot be refused.
In the late 1960s, land reform processes persuaded most local communities to adopt a comprehensive development or growth management plan, and although these have no statutory power they are increasingly being used for land use regulation at local level. In the USA, as in Britain, some of the most severe challenges to planning have come in the run-down inner areas of the largest, decaying industrial cities. It is here that the land market has been in most obvious difficulties, although whether this is due to intrinsic market weaknesses or a gross distortion of the market by bureaucratic and other public intervention is debatable.
8. Values in the inner suburbs rose by 30–50 per cent, whereas those in the outer suburbs remained static. In the USA the increases in oil prices between 1973 and 1979 also caused some adjustments, in that there was a trend towards smaller cars and a continued movement of people and industry towards the suburbs in order to decrease the journey to work distances. In Japan, on the other hand, it appears that rising transport costs have had little effect upon urban structure. Rapidly rising real incomes and the willingness of employers to subsidise commuting costs mean that urban residents can, to some extent, shrug off rising energy costs.