By Eric Martinot
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Extra resources for Investments to improve the energy efficiency of existing residential buildings in countries of the former Soviet Union
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C. A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 1997 Papers in the Studies of Economies in Transformation series present the results of policy analysis and research on the states of the former USSR. The papers are prepared by World Bank staff and consultants and issued by the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia Department III under the supervision of Marcelo Selowsky. In light of the worldwide interest in the problems and prospects of these countries, dissemination of these findings is encouraged for discussion and comment.
Most residential and commercial heat consumption--about 75 percent in the Russian Federation, 65 percent in Ukraine, 60 percent in Estonia, and 50 percent in Lithuania--is supplied by district-heating systems; the remaining amounts are produced by autonomous heating boilers9 serving single buildings or by individual apartment-level heaters. In a district-heating system, heat can be produced from a variety of sources: large combined-heat-and-power plants (cogeneration units), large heat-only boiler plants serving entire city districts, and cogeneration and heat-only boilers in industrial enterprises that feed into large common district-heating networks.
2) of unprivatized apartments and/or the common spaces of buildings. Municipal governments are interested in reducing expenditures on housing maintenance and utilities by reducing the actual costs of housing and utilities and by greater recovery of these actual costs from households. Municipal governments may also supply targeted housing allowances based on the need of low-income groups; thus lowering housing and energy costs reduces the need for targeted housing allowances. 5), municipal governments may be both consumers of heat (for municipal housing) and stakeholders in heat production and distribution.