By Klaus Krippendorff
Krippendorff introduces social scientists to info idea and explains its program for structural modeling. He discusses key issues akin to: how you can make certain a data conception version; its use in exploratory examine; and the way it compares with different ways equivalent to community research, course research, chi sq. and research of variance. details thought simplifies and clarifies a fancy yet robust statistical process for analysing multivariate qualitative info. it is going to serve either as a textbook and as a sourcebook for researchers in conversation idea, info concept and platforms concept.
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The preelection process reduced this entropy to nearly 1 bit (characterizing the nearly equally likely success of Carter and Ford before election day on which voters removed the remaining uncertainty). Finally, entropy is also the key to a fundamental law in the cybernetics of regulation. Ashby's (1956) law of requisite variety, which states that "only variety can destroy variety," implies that the survival of a system depends on its ability to generate at least as much variety within its boundaries as exists in the form of threatening disturbances from its environment.
Part of the definition of entropy, and one reason for calling it a measure of observational variety, is that unobserved possibilities do not enter the measure. The average is computed only for categories of observations that do occur at least once. This is reflected in the convention adopted here: 0log20 = 0. Note some of its properties. Entropies are zero or positive and limited by Page 17 where NA is the number of categories in variable A and n is the sample size. The entropy is zero when observational variety is absentthat is, when distinctions are vacuous and all observations are of the same kind, pa = 1 for one category and zero for all others, in which case both 1log21 = 0 and by convention 0log20 = 0.
This places information theory into a framework that most social scientists can readily comprehend and evaluate. Professor Krippendorff's thorough understanding of the theory and use of information theory also takes the careful reader a long way toward competency. This book is particularly successful at making a rather complicated system for analyzing multivariate qualitative data as simple as possible. Krippendorff does this by building the entire presentation around intuitively appealing notions of information, such as the amount of information provided by an answer to a question, the amount transmitted through a noisy channel, and so on, rather than by using the axioms and theorems of information theory.