By James A. Millward
Both this ethnic coverage and Xinjiang’s position within the realm shifted following a chain of invasions from western Turkestan beginning within the 1820’s. a result of monetary value of chinese language retailers and the efficacy of service provider military in Xinjiang, the Qing courtroom revised its guidelines of their want, for the 1st time permitting everlasting Han payment within the sector. whilst, the courtroom started to recommend provincehood and the Sinicization of Xinjiang as a answer to the perennial safeguard challenge. those shifts, the writer argues, marked the start of a reconception of China to incorporate internal Asian lands and peoplesa thought that may, by way of the 20 th century, develop into a deeply held guideline of chinese language nationalism.
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Extra info for Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
Sample text
Religious sects ... seditious secret societies ... bands of bandits ... "IB Skinner here has adopted the perspective of the mandarinate, of course, and this suits his purposes in "Cities and the Hierarchy of Local Systems," which include demonstrating that Qing field administration categories in China proper took account of special strategic needs in such frontier regions. But when calling on Skinner's work in teaching or writing, it is important to remember that the frontier situation can be interpreted somewhat differently.
Thus, though readers will note in the following chapters some resonances with the concerns of old imperialism, new imperialism, and postcolonial studies, my main goal is to comprehend the evolving Qing imperialism in Xinjiang on its own terms. I will therefore proceed to examine "Qing imperialism" without further apology or reference to existing definitions, confident in the belief that where there is an empire,31 there must be imperialismthe dynamic set of motivations, ideologies, policies, and practices by which that empire is gained, maintained, and conceived.
Civilization did not taper off into chaos and lawlessness on all these frontiers, as Skinner implies; rather, in many areas, Chinese junxian administration (with the familiar territorial units of xian, lu, zhou, ting, and so forth, administered by magistrates) simply gave way to one of the other systems. It is noteworthy, too, that Skinner defines "China" in different ways for different purposes. While he chooses "agrarian China" with or without Manchuria for studies of marketing, social structure, and urbanization, his bibliography of Chinese society requires a definition inclusive of Inner Asia, even while it excludes non-Han peoples.