By Grethe B. Peterson
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The demise of communism, the surge of free-market ideology, the rise of "identity politics" in both its fundamentalist and progressive formsall these developments have conspired to decenter, if not to extinguish, claims for egalitarian redistribution. In this new constellation, the two kinds of justice claims are typically dissociated from one anotherboth practically and intellectually. Within social movements such as feminism, for example, activist tendencies that look to redistribution as the remedy for male domination are increasingly dissociated from tendencies that look instead to the recognition of gender difference.
I am grateful, too, for comments from participants at the Stanford seminars and at other venues where this material was presented. Conversations with Richard J. Bernstein, Rainer Forst, Axel Honneth, Theodore Koditschek, Steven Lukes, Jane Mansbridge, Linda Nicholson, and Eli Zaretsky influenced my thinking greatly at key points during the preparation of the original lectures. Subsequent comments from Judith Butler, Anne Phillips, and especially Erik Olin Wright were invaluable in the process of revision, as were further discussions with Rainer Forst, Axel Honneth, and Eli Zaretsky.
Eschewing psychologization, then, the justice approach escapes difficulties that plague rival approaches. When misrecognition is identified with internal distortions in the structure of self-consciousness of the oppressed, it is but a short step to blaming the victim, as one seems to add insult to injury. Conversely, when misrecognition is equated with prejudice in the minds of the oppressors, overcoming it seems to require policing their beliefs, an approach that is authoritarian. On the justice view, in contrast, misrecognition is a matter of externally manifest and publicly verifiable impediments to some people's standing as full members of society.