By Peter Saunders
Social concept and the city query bargains a consultant to, and a serious evaluate of key issues in modern city social conception, in addition to a second look of extra conventional ways within the mild of contemporary advancements and feedback. Dr Saunders discusses present theoretical positions within the context of the paintings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. He means that later writers have usually misunderstood or overlooked the arguments of those 'founding fathers' of the city query. Dr Saunders makes use of his ultimate bankruptcy to use the teachings discovered from a evaluation in their paintings with a view to increase a brand new framework for city social and political research. This e-book used to be first released in 1981.
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Basic to this conception are two assumptions. The first is that, having reached a ‘climax’ stage (an optimal point at which population size and differentiation is Social theory and the urban question 34 most closely adapted to environmental conditions), a community will remain in a state of balance unless some new element emerges to disturb the status quo. The second is that the process of community change involves an evolution from the simple to the complex through the adaptive process of differentiation of functions.
His argument that the city undermines traditional controls, that the collectivity cannot possibly impose a single code of moral conduct over the diverse spheres of action in which the urbanite becomes involved, that the individual enjoys freedom as a result of the necessary anonymity of the city, that small moral communities may develop in different parts of the city but that their sphere of influence over the individual is circumscribed, that the city extends its influence over the surrounding countryside and thus ‘urbanizes’ the society as a whole—all of this is reflected in the work of the Chicago school of urban ecology (Chapter 2), in Wirth’s Social theory, capitalism and the urban question 27 essay on urbanism as a way of life (Chapter 3) and in countless community study monographs up to the present day.
A society, on the other hand, is constituted by a more intimate form of association based on communication, consensus and custom (Park 1952, p. 259). This does not mean, however, that at the level of society there is no competition or conflict, for although he never defines the term it is clear that for Park consensus refers to shared orientations rather than shared objectives, to a common frame of reference for action rather than universal agreement over what that action should be (see Weber 1968, appendix I, for a similar formulation of the concept).