By Lynda Cheshire; Vaughan Higgins; Geoffrey Lawrence
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Additionally, the criteria were viewed as being applied in a mechanical way, without interpreting local situations. For example, part of the monitoring involved checking whether hedges were protected against cattle. The criteria for monitoring the protective wires and railing were: (1) the distance between the wire and the hedge had to be at least one metre; (2) there had to be two wires; (3) the highest wire should be at least one metre above the ground and (4) a stake had to be placed in the ground every five metres.
This is particularly so in the context of common acceptance that existing structures of government (such as local, regional or central agencies) are the legitimate forms with which citizens should interact. Although this opposes the oft-held view that ‘community’ is the most appropriate site for good governance, it nevertheless reflects the difficulties that new, emerging, forms of governance will face as they seek to enrol new actors and to cut across existing levels of government. Finally, the Introduction: governing the rural 15 question of the ultimate goal of governance needs to be considered.
This was crucial in the emergence of environmental cooperatives in the early 1990s. Environmental cooperatives are locally based associations seeking to integrate farming, environment and nature. Usually, they are established by two or three local farmer leaders. Environmental cooperatives are clubs with differing formal structures, such as formal associations, foundations and legal cooperatives (Oerlemans et al. 2004; Polman 2002). About 5 per cent of the cooperatives have no formal legal structure (Oerlemans et al.