By John Philoponus
Aristotle's Posterior Analytics elaborates for the 1st time within the heritage of Western philosophy the notions of technological know-how and the necessities for the designated type of wisdom scientists own. His version is arithmetic and his remedy of technological know-how quantities to a philosophical dialogue, from the point of view of Aristotelian syllogistic, of mathematical proofs and the rules they're in keeping with. Chapters 1-8 expound the principles of Aristotle's idea, mentioning the similarities and ameliorations among clinical wisdom and different forms of wisdom, developing the necessity for simple ideas, and opting for the kinds of ideas and the resource of necessity linked to clinical proof. Philoponus' colossal observation, the main whole historic dialogue of Posterior Analytics publication 1, deals uniquely precious testimony to the way in which this ebook was once learn and understood in past due antiquity, in addition to supplying info on past interpretations. Of specific curiosity is Philoponus' account of clinical rules, that's dependent not just on Aristotle but in addition at the Greek mathematical culture, in particular Euclid and his commentator Proclus.
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Extra resources for Philoponus : on Aristotle posterior analytics 1.1-8
Sample text
And these are opposites of one another. For what is clear and primary in nature is posterior and less clear to us, while what is less clear and posterior in nature is prior and more clear to us. 72a5-7 ‘Based on things that are primary’ is ‘based on appropriate principles’. 166 20 25 29,1 5 10 15 40 20 Translation He already said this above. But since in the meantime he made a division of ‘prior’, he repeats his account, and explains more clearly how he means that demonstration must be ‘based on things that are primary’ and precisely what those primary things are.
For the things employed in demonstrations must be not only immediate and primary, but also known(g). For it is possible even for some axioms not to be known(g) by the many through failure to notice them, for example ‘things that are equal to the same thing are also equal to one another’ is self-guaranteeing, but the many would not easily recognize it. So it is necessary to establish them as known(g). 71b22 And prior to and causes of the conclusion. 10 15 20 That136 a demonstration must be based on things that are prior is clear.
But if we have forgotten in the meantime and again obtain our previous knowledge(pg) of him, such a case is not said to be recognizing, but recalling. This is one way. The second is when we possess the notion of the universal and notice some particular which we have not previously observed and then apply89 this to the universal of which we have knowledge(g). For example, if someone observes a magnet attracting iron, if he does not have previous knowledge(pg) that every stone of that kind attracts iron, such a person is not said to recognize that it is a magnet, but if he acquires a teacher he learns for the first time that every magnet attracts iron.