By Konstantin Nossov
Utilizing archaeological facts and first-hand resources, Konstantin Nossov charts the background of the medieval Russian fort from its early beginnings till the 14th century.
According to Russian legend, in advert 862, the Slav tribes of what's now eu Russia invited a couple of Scandinavian princes to rule over them. In advert 882, Prince Oleg united those kingdoms because the feudal kingdom of Kievan Rus, by way of development a sequence of payment and border fortifications, together with the Zmievy Valy (Snake Ramparts), to guard opposed to overseas invasion.
The upward push of feudalism throughout the eleventh century observed the improvement of person fortified websites to the detriment of the prolonged border defenses. accordingly, Mongol hordes poured over the border, introducing the siege war concepts of the East, and seriously influencing the fortification kinds thereafter.
The upward push of Muscovy within the fourteenth century observed an stronger function for Moscow and the Kremlin, which used to be rebuilt in stone reflecting its elevated significance.
This booklet brings these types of varied strands jointly right into a accomplished quantity at the fortifications of Russia from the early days of the Kievan Rus' until eventually the root of the fashionable country in 1480.
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Additional info for Medieval Russian Fortresses AD 862-1480 (Fortress, Volume 61)
Example text
Up to the 16th century Izborsk fortress survived eight serious sieges and never surrendered. It only fell in 1569 through treachery, and was later captured by the troops of Stephen Batory in 1581. Today all that remains of Truvor’s gorodishche is a rampart, a ditch, and some fragments of stone walling. The stone fortress of Izborsk is well preserved, except for the Nikolski zakhab and two towers, which lie in ruin. Decorative crosses and other ornaments can be seen on the walls and towers of the fortress.
The defenders resisted fiercely and the attack was beaten off. Thus, on February 7, 1238, the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality fell to the Mongols. com The siege of Vladimir by the Mongols, February 6, 1238 The ramparts and ditches of Izheslavl (Izyaslavl of Ryazan) were destroyed and burned down by the Mongolian hordes of Batu Khan. On its most vulnerable sides the settlement was protected with three rows of ramparts and ditches. The ramparts were topped with wooden walls. 48 a rampart on the side of the detinets (citadel) and the rampart of the external site never adjoined the ramparts of the detinets, the most vulnerable place (the ditch between the okol’ny gorod and the detinets) was never subjected to attack.
Dwellings were of two types: over-ground ones and so-called semi-dugouts. The latter were more popular than the former until the late 11th century, and were widespread in the 9th to the mid 10th century in the forest-steppe; they could also be found further to the south in the steppe, and to the north in the forested areas. In other words, they represented the main type of dwelling in the basins of the Dniester, Dnieper, Oka and Don rivers. It was only in the capital city of Kiev that both types of dwellings co-existed.