By Monica G. Turner, Robert H. Gardner (auth.)
This paintings offers in-depth research of the origins of panorama ecology and its shut alignment with the knowledge of scale, the explanations of panorama trend, and the interactions of spatial trend with quite a few ecological methods. The textual content covers the quantitative ways which are utilized largely in panorama experiences, with emphasis on their acceptable use and interpretation.
The box of panorama ecology has grown speedily in this interval, its innovations and strategies have matured, and the broadcast literature has elevated exponentially. panorama examine has improved knowing of the motives and outcomes of spatial heterogeneity and the way those differ with scale, they usually have prompted the administration of ordinary and human-dominated landscapes. panorama ecology is now thought of mainstream, and the methods are commonly used in lots of branches of ecology and are utilized not just in terrestrial settings but additionally in aquatic and marine structures. based on those speedy advancements, an up-to-date variation of Landscape Ecology in concept and Practice presents an artificial evaluation of panorama ecology, together with its improvement, the tools and methods which are hired, the key questions addressed, and the insights which have been gained.”
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2000). conditions under which extrapolation fails or succeeds, we can enhance our understanding of the relationships between pattern and process (Miller et al. 2004). Although our discussion has focused on processes associated with “scaling up”—that is, moving from fine scale measurements to predictions at broad scales— the inverse process of “scaling down” is also an important. 10. A basic framework describing the different components of ecological extrapolation. Solid arrows indicate steps that are typically included in the process, whereas dotted arrows indicate steps that are not included as commonly but should be.
These experiments provided convincing evidence that spatial relationships were essential if population dynamics were to be understood—a central theme of the work of Andrewartha and Birch (1954). Other studies combining theoretical and empirical approaches also demonstrated that population interactions such as competition could produce patchiness in species distributions, even in the presence of a homogenous template (Okubo 1974; Segal and Levin 1976; Yamamura 1976). 13 Increased interest in spatial effects led to a series of theoretical studies exploring the biotic (Sprugel 1976) and abiotic (Levin and Paine 1974a, b) template that creates pattern.
10). l S u m m a r y Landscape ecology has come to the forefront of ecology and land management in recent decades, and it is still expanding very rapidly. Landscape ecology emphasizes the interaction between spatial pattern and ecological process—that is, the causes and consequences of spatial heterogeneity across a range of scales. Two important aspects of landscape ecology distinguish it from other subdisciplines within ecology. First, landscape ecology explicitly addresses the importance of spatial configuration for ecological processes.