By I. P. Petrushersky
A scholarly and authoritative heritage of the emergence and progress of Islam in Iran throughout the early and later medieval classes. This e-book, by way of I.P. Petrushevsky, the main Soviet Iranologist, was once initially released in Russia in 1966. After discussing the Arabian atmosphere during which the religion of Islam arose, and the character—legal, social and doctrinal—of the recent message, the writer strikes directly to hint the especially Iranian improvement of Islamic ideals, the schisms which arose in its early background, and the eventual construction of a Sunni orthodoxy. Written from the Russian standpoint, with Russia’s lengthy touch with Iranian and Turkish Muslim buddies, it presents a stimulating and salutary stability to the examine of the Islamic international.
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Extra info for Islam in Iran
Sample text
Without the above noted social and ideological premise the new world-religion of Islam would not have been able to assume shape and strength. History does not command the written testimony of contemporaries about Muhammad, and save for a few passages the Holy Book is not a source for his biography. The Traditions about his life, achievements and utterances, the Hadith24 as they are called, long propagated by word of mouth and only reduced to writing later on, are very largely unreliable, as Goldziher and other Islamists have established.
Horses were rare and very costly. Agriculture was of the oasis variety which meant the cultivation of barley, dates, grapes and fruit-trees. Pasture was in common ownership, but cattle, slaves and plots of land were already in individual hands. Within the sub-tribe and the clan a property stratification was already present. The caravan route by which the Byzantine provinces of Syria, Palestine and Egypt conducted their transit trade with Ethiopia and India used the Yemen as their go-between. It ran parallel to the western littoral from the rich south through the Hijaz and so to the Mediterranean.
After prolonged parleying with the Quraysh he concluded a sworn pact (bay'a)at Hudaybiya the clauses of which provided for a ten years' truce; permission to Muslim pilgrims to visit the Ka'ba on condition they were unarmed but for the sword; and an obligation on Muhammad not to attack Meccan caravans. The Muslim leadership rated this treaty a diplomatic success; for though it avoided the designation of prophet in its reference to Muhammad, it broke new ground in putting him on equal footing with the Quraysh aristocracy.