By James Parkin
"This ebook serves to introduce engineers to the foundations and techniques important for infrastructure making plans in speedily constructing areas. It covers the technical equipment required in making plans for infrastructure provision from base-line reviews and challenge definition via to the specification for a collection of initiatives. The ebook additionally discusses the political components that have an effect on the decision-making method, and it �Read more...
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The organizational inertia of the various government departments ensured that many sub-decisions were the result of groups applying standard procedures to problems deemed to be within their area of expertise, with a resulting lack of coordination of advice to the President. The third process was the result of the bureaucratic politics which developed during the decision making period. Goals became interests to be defended against other interests, conflict was resolved by power, and the advice received at the White House was less a function of its importance than a reflection of the influence of the messenger.
13) What will be the flow-on effects? Some issues are important, not because of their scale, but rather because of their ramifications for other regions or other issues. (14) Will action restrict future options? Some planning solutions are likely to foreclose on other potential solutions and, in effect, set a policy precedent. Costs (15) What is the cost of acting on these issues? It is useful to have some idea of the cost difference between doing nothing and attempting to solve the problems. (16) Are the costs incremental?
If the issues seem simple then the solutions are obvious. However, real issues are rarely simple. (8) How much uncertainty exists? Most forecasting entails a degree of uncertainty. The greater the uncertainty the greater will be the need for robust and flexible planning. (9) How value laden are the issues? Environmental issues are an example of matters that need sensitive definition and socially conscious solutions. Repercussions (10) Will the consequences be large? Incremental change needs less planning effort then radical change and is much less sensitive to careful definition.