Geometries of nature, living systems and human cognition by Luciano Boi

By Luciano Boi

The gathering of papers forming this quantity is meant to supply a deeper research of a few mathematical and actual matters that are on the center of contemporary advancements within the usual and dwelling sciences. The booklet explores a few far-reaching interfaces the place arithmetic, theoretical physics, and traditional sciences appear to engage profoundly. the most target is to teach that an entire circulation of geometrisation has enabled the invention of an outstanding number of remarkable constructions and behaviors in actual fact and in residing topic. the various team of professional mathematicians, physicists and usual scientists current a variety of new effects and unique principles, tools and methods. either educational and interdisciplinary, the publication investigates a few vital connections among arithmetic, theoretical physics and normal sciences together with biology.

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15) on choisit 3 faces notées arbitrairement (001), (010) et (100) et une quatrième face dite « face paramétrique ». 14). Les faces étant repérées par leurs normales OA, OB et OC, les longueurs des côtés du triangle sphérique a, b, et c correspondent aux angles entre les faces. 14 entre les arêtes des faces. En effet, les cercles de zone AC, AB, BC sont des plans contenant les normales aux faces et les arêtes entre ces faces sont donc normales aux plans de zone. 2 Détermination de a, b, g et des rapports des axes En général, on considère comme face paramétrique une face, sécante avec les trois faces initiales, indicée (111).

Par cette face on constate que l’on peut faire passer deux zones : Z1 qui passe aussi par les pôles des faces (101) et (011) et Z2 qui passe par (001) et (120). 17 Remarque : Le choix des faces de référence et de la face paramétrique est arbitraire. Pour que ce choix coïncide avec la maille la plus simple du cristal il faut utiliser les symétries qui apparaissent sur le stéréogramme et noter que les faces à bas indices appartiennent à de nombreuses zones simultanément. 7 Exemple de caractérisation 31 La cristallographie géométrique utilisée seule ne peut pas apporter une réponse définitive au problème de la détermination de la maille ; seuls les rapports des axes sont accessibles aux mesures optiques.

Ce grand cercle est le cercle de zone. Sur l’axe normal à ce cercle de zone, on se déplace de 90◦ pour obtenir le pôle a qui est l’axe de la zone considérée. Cas particulier. Le centre O de la projection est l’axe de la zone formée par les faces pour lesquelles l’angle r vaut p/2. 9 c) Angle entre deux cercles de zone On recherche le grand cercle ayant comme pôle (ou axe de zone) le point p, intersection des deux cercles des zones Z1 et Z2 considérées. L’arc ab intercepté sur ce grand cercle par les deux cercles de zone donne la valeur de l’angle cherché.

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