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Rather, the metazoan myocyte has evolved complex membrane structures to facilitate efficient electrical activity and signaling to regulate cardiac physiology. Not surprisingly, specific cell types in the heart possess a distinct set of membrane structures based on their unique function. The ventricular cardiomyocyte plasma membrane, or sarcolemma, is divided into multiple and unique membrane structures (Figure 2-2). 8 μm) plasma membrane invaginations, termed transverse tubules, or T-tubules. This membrane system, instrumental in myocyte EC coupling, evolved to facilitate coordinated EC coupling in the relatively large ventricular cardiomyocyte (system not present in smaller atrial and sinoatrial node cells).
35,36 Although the repertoire of available dyes has grown, voltagesensitive dyes remain the cornerstone of cardiac optical mapping. Voltage-sensitive dyes interact with the cell membrane and emit fluorescent signals in proportion to the membrane potential. Ideally, potentiometric dyes should react to voltage changes on a microsecond time scale, maintain a linear response curve, have relatively low toxicity, and exert minimal biologic activity. Optical recordings of cardiac action potentials have been very consistent with transmembrane recordings and surface ECGs.
Dangman KH, Miura DS: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of the heart: A clinical guide, New York, 1991, Markel Dekker. 27. Berul CI, Christe ME, Aronovitz MJ, et al: Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mice display gender differences in electro physiological abnormalities, J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2(1):7–14, 1998. 28. Pieper CF, Pacifico A: Observations on the epicardial activation of the normal human heart, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 15(12):2295–2307, 1992. 29. van Rijen HVM, van Veen TA, van Kempen MJ, et al: Impaired conduction in the bundle branches of mouse hearts lacking the gap junction protein connexin40, Circulation 103:1591–1598, 2001.