By Colin Clarke
During this sequel to Kingston, Jamaica: city improvement and Social switch, 1692 to 1962 (1975) Colin Clarke investigates the position of sophistication, color, race, and tradition within the altering social stratification and spatial patterning of Kingston, Jamaica on the grounds that independence in 1962. He additionally assesses the lines - created by way of the doubling of the inhabitants - on labour and housing markets, that are themselves vital components in city social stratification. exact realization is usually given to color, category, and race segregation, to the formation of the Kingston ghetto, to the position of politics within the production of zones of violence and drug buying and selling in downtown Kingston, and to the contribution of the humanities to the evolution of nationwide tradition. a different function is the inclusion of a number of maps produced and compiled utilizing GIS (geographical details systems). The publication concludes with a comparability with the post-colonial city difficulties of South Africa and Brazil, and an evalution of the de-colonization of Kingston.
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Extra info for Decolonizing the Colonial City: Urbanization and Stratification in Kingston, Jamaica
Sample text
Free blacks, people of colour, and Jews were all granted full civil rights in 1830 (Bailey 1978; Heuman 1981), the slaves were emancipated in 1834, and their period of apprenticeship was brought to an end in 1838. In 1845 Britain, for its own advantage, started to equalize the duties on its sugar imports, and an era of free trade—which lasted into the 1930s—gradually was entered. Stripped of the imperial policy that for more than a century had shored up the ineYcient sugar industry and boosted exports to Spanish America, Kingston’s metropolitan trade and entrepoˆt sank into a deep decline.
Over 10,000 people were looking for their Wrst job, and they accounted for almost one-third of the total number of unemployed; approximately 70 per cent of this group were under 21 years of age, and unemployment was chronic among school leavers. These conditions, which had existed in Kingston for almost thirty years, were associated with an economy in equilibrium, so that there is always a reservoir of involuntary unemployed (Maunder 1960). Unemployment, which had been created by the 1930s depression, was transformed in the 1940s and 1950s into a permanent feature of the socio-economic structure of the city.
In 1957 a scheme was initiated under which 1,500 free places were awarded for free entry to the Grant-Aided Secondary Schools, the scholarships being made on the basis of the Common Entrance Examination (which was similar to the 11þ examination to grammar schools in the United Kingdom). By 1958, about a quarter of all the children in these schools were the recipients of government grants. Furthermore, an additional 10 per cent received a supplementary allowance to purchase books and meet living expenses, and there was evidence that awards were being made to children from poor homes.