By Richard W. Hamming
Concentrating on either conception and functional functions, this quantity combines in a traditional method the 2 significant features of knowledge representation--representation for garage (coding idea) and illustration for transmission (information theory).
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Furthermore, quantification appears to be necessary only for stating facts about infinite domains, whereas many of the applications of knowledge representation concentrate on finite collections of objects. The answer to these objections is best seen by considering how one might use a firstorder language to express commonsense knowledge. 1 is accompanied by a gloss in English, interpreting the predicate, constant, and function symbols in the obvious way. Following these in each case is a question about what is being said.
For general references on logic and entailment, see the notes in Chapter 2. Why reasoning needs to diverge from logic is discussed in [17] and [84]. For a review of the research in knowledge representation and reasoning in terms of this divergence, see [83]. For references on default (and logically unsound) reasoning, see the notes in Chapter 9. 6 Exercises 1. Consider a task requiring knowledge like baking a cake. Examine a recipe and state what needs to be known to follow the recipe. 2. ). Describe an interpretation of the terms where knowledge is taken to be basic, and belief is understood in terms of it.
Recall that in propositional logic, one specifies an interpretation by fixing an assignment to the atomic sentences, after which the truth value of the non-atomic sentences (disjunctions and negations) is recursively defined. In our case, we require two things to specify an interpretation: a truth value for each of the primitive atoms, and a standard name for each of the primitive terms. We call such an assignment a world state (or world, for short) and let W name the set of all world states. We use this term since it is these assignments that tell us the way the world is, relative to the language Ä.