By Army Center of Military History, Richard W. Stewart
American army heritage offers the us Army—in specific, its younger officials, NCOs, and cadets—with a finished yet short account of its prior. the heart of army heritage first released this paintings in 1956 as a textbook for senior ROTC classes. because then it has undergone a few updates and revisions, however the fundamental rationale has remained an identical. aid for army heritage schooling has consistently been a primary undertaking of the heart, and this new version of a useful heritage furthers that objective. The background of an energetic association has a tendency to extend quickly because the association grows higher and extra complicated. The interval because the Vietnam battle, at which aspect the newest version ended, has been an important one for the military, a hectic interval of increasing roles and missions and of basic organizational adjustments. specifically, the explosion of missions and deployments considering eleven September 2001 has necessitated the construction of extra, open-ended chapters within the tale of the U.S. military in motion. this primary quantity covers the Army’s historical past from its delivery in 1775 to the eve of worldwide battle I. through 1917, the us used to be already a global energy. the military had despatched huge expeditionary forces past the yankee hemisphere, and initially of the recent century Secretary of conflict Elihu Root had proposed alterations and reforms that inside of a new release could form the military of the long run. yet global war—global war—was nonetheless to return. the second one quantity of this re-creation will soak up that tale and expand it into the twenty-first century and the early years of the struggle on terrorism and contains an research of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as much as January 2009.
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Extra resources for AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY. VOLUME 1. THE UNITED STATES ARMY AND THE FORGING OF A NATION, 1775-1917
Example text
In England, where the constitutional power of Parliament was successfully established over the king, Parliament was by no means a democratic institution but one controlled by the landed gentry and wealthy merchants. The military distinction nobles had formerly found in leading their own knights in battle they now sought as officers in the armies of their respective kings. Aristocrats filled the higher commands, while “gentlemen” of lesser rank and means usually served as captains and lieutenants.
But England itself had stronger democratic traditions than existed on the Continent, and important differences in the environment gave these English traditions much stronger force in America. Here, there was no titled nobility exercising a monopoly on governmental office or holding a vested title to most of the land. While an aristocracy of wealth soon appeared, it was never able to exercise the same prerogatives as titled nobility. Besides, it was far easier to move from the poorer to the wealthier class, since acquisition of landed wealth was easier in a country where land was plentiful and labor to work it scarce.
Whether siege or field, these artillery pieces were like the muskets smoothbore muzzle-loaders, very limited in range and highly inaccurate. Loading and firing were even slower than in the case of the musket, since the artillerymen had to swab out the cannon barrel with water after each round to prevent any residue of burning powder from causing a premature explosion. There was no traverse, and the whole carriage had to be moved to change the direction of fire. Cannon fired mainly solid iron balls or, at shorter ranges, grapeshot and canister.